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- April 16, 1984BOOKSSongs of Exile and Return
-
-
- THE UNBEARABLE LIGHTNESS OF BEING by Milan Kundera, translated
- by Michael Henry Heim; Harper & Row; 314 pages; $15.95
-
- In The Book of Laughter and Forgetting, published in the U.S.
- in 1980, Author Milan Kundera brilliantly fused passion and
- playfulness. That book's collection of seven loosely related
- stories danced around a central, somber event: the Soviet
- invasion of Czechoslovakia. The resulting oppression halted the
- liberal reforms that blossomed during the famous Prague Spring
- of 1968 and eventually drove a number of intellectuals and
- artists, including Kundera, from their native country. Songs
- of exile are sad, by definition. Yet Kundera's added a comic
- vision capable of seeing both oppressors and oppressed locked in
- battle against a common enemy, the bizarre senselessness of a
- world in which all human choices lead to debacles.
-
- The tale of that struggle is continued in The Unbearable
- Lightness of Being, which seems at first simply a replication
- of The Book of Laughter and Forgetting. Again, the Soviet
- crackdown becomes a watershed in the experience of Kundera's
- people, making the past irretrievable and the future ominous.
- Again, the author divides his fiction into seven parts. This
- time, though, the connections between them are firmer. Four
- main characters keep reappearing, and their lives, though not
- always displayed chronologically, assume the extended contours
- of traditional love stories.
-
- Tomas is a respected Prague surgeon in his 30s and a compulsive
- womanizer. A business trip to the provinces brings him in
- contact with Tereza, who tends bar at a local hotel. It is love
- at first sight as far as she is concerned, and Tomas soon finds
- her ensconced in his Prague apartment, not just as a sexual
- drop-in but as someone who evidently plans to spend the rest of
- her nights there. To his amazement, the prospect pleases him.
-
- His marriage to Tereza does not curb Tomas' appetite for other
- women: "Why then give them up? He saw no more reason for that
- than to deny himself soccer matches." But Sabina, a painter who
- is his favorite mistress of the moment, senses a change:
- "Showing through the outline of Tomas the libertine, incredibly,
- the face of a romantic lover." Then it is 1968, a time of more
- violent change for the entire country. Tomas and Tereza
- emigrate to Zurich, where he has been promised a job in a
- prominent hospital. Sabina goes to Geneva and falls into a love
- affair with Franz, an unhappily married professor. It is her
- fate to shuck off the past: parents, the precepts of her
- Communist Youth League childhood and, in turn, all of her
- lovers: "What fell to her lot was not the burden but the
- unbearable lightness of being." The weight of existence
- descends on Tomas and Tereza. Homesick and upset by her
- husband's continued philandering, she returns to Czechoslovakia,
- and he follows, knowing that the authorities will forbid him to
- practice medicine at all.
-
- What to make of Tomas' choice? Philosophically, Kundera
- insists, such a question is moot: "Human life occurs only once,
- and the reason we cannot determine which of our decisions are
- good and which bad is that in a given situation we can make only
- one decision; we are not granted a second, third or fourth life
- in which to compare various decisions." Yet the emotional story
- reveals a kind of answer. Near the end, Tomas drives a pickup
- truck for a cooperative farm in a rural village. In a fit of
- remorse, Tereza apologizes for having dragged him back from a
- promising career in Switzerland, for using the weakness of her
- jealousy to enfeeble him. He responds, "Haven't you noticed
- I've been happy here, Tereza?"
-
- Given all the trials that have preceded it, Tomas' statement
- seems inconceivable. Kundera has gracefully marshaled armies
- of evidence to prove that happiness is impossible "in the trap
- the world has become." The villain is not despotic, criminal
- regimes (although they are thoroughly villainous) but
- consciousness itself: "Human time does not turn in a circle;
- it runs ahead in a straight line. That is why man cannot be
- happy: happiness is the longing for repetition." Yet Tomas
- somehow achieves the impossible.
-
- At its most intense level, Kundera's fiction debates itself to
- a standstill of lucid repose. Moments of Olympian distance, in
- which the author shows his mortals ignorantly creeping toward
- oblivion, alternate with passages of stirring intimacy, with the
- novelist playing cheerleader, urging victories for everyone.
- Sabina's discarded lover Franz joins a ragtag crusade of Western
- intellectuals and liberal hangers-on. This entourage arrives
- at a remote bridge leading from Thailand to Cambodia. Someone
- with a bullhorn demands that the occupying Vietnamese allow
- doctors to cross the border and treat the Cambodian sick and
- wounded. The answer is silence: "In a flash of insight Franz
- saw how laughable they all were, but instead of cutting him off
- from them or flooding him with irony, the thought made him feel
- the kind of infinite love we feel for the condemned." The moment
- is pure Kundera, a triumph of wisdom over bitterness, hope over
- despair.
-
- --By Paul Gray
-
-